123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849850851852853854855856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873874875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909910911912913914915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943 |
- '\" t
- .\" Copyright (c) 2003 Gunnar Ritter
- .\"
- .\" This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
- .\" warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
- .\" arising from the use of this software.
- .\"
- .\" Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
- .\" including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute
- .\" it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
- .\"
- .\" 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
- .\" claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
- .\" in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
- .\" appreciated but is not required.
- .\"
- .\" 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
- .\" misrepresented as being the original software.
- .\"
- .\" 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
- .\" Sccsid @(#)cpio.1 1.92 (gritter) 3/26/07
- .TH CPIO 1 "3/26/07" "Heirloom Toolchest" "User Commands"
- .SH NAME
- cpio \- copy file archives in and out
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- .PD 0
- .HP
- .nh
- .ad l
- \fBcpio\fR \fB\-i\fR[\fBbcdfkmrstuvBSV6\fR] [\fB\-C\fI\ size\fR]
- [\fB\-E\fI\ file\fR] [\fB\-H\fI\ hdr\fR] [[\fB\-I\fI\ file\fR]
- [\fB\-M\fI\ msg\fR]] [\fB\-R\fI\ id\fR] [\fIpatterns\fR]
- .HP
- .ad l
- \fBcpio\fR \fB\-o\fR[\fBacvABLPV\fR] [\fB\-C\fI\ size\fR]
- [\fB\-H\fI\ hdr\fR] [[\fB\-M\fI\ msg\fR] [\fB\-O\fI\ file\fR]]
- .HP
- .ad l
- \fBcpio\fR \fB\-p\fR[\fBadlmPuvLV\fR] [\fB\-R\fI\ id\fR] \fIdirectory\fR
- .br
- .PD
- .ad b
- .hy 1
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .I Cpio
- creates and extracts file archives and copies files.
- .PP
- With the
- .B \-i
- option,
- .I cpio
- works in
- .RI ` copy-in '
- mode and extracts files from a file archive.
- By default,
- the archive is read from standard input.
- Optional arguments are interpreted as
- .I patterns
- and restrict the set of extracted files
- to those matching any of the
- .IR patterns .
- A
- .RB ` !\& '
- at the beginning of the
- .I pattern
- selects all files that do not match this
- .IR pattern .
- The syntax is otherwise identical to that described in
- .IR glob (7),
- except that the slash character
- .RB ` / '
- is matched by
- meta-character constructs with
- .RB ` * ',
- .RB ` ? '
- and
- .RB ` [ '.
- Care must be taken to quote meta-characters appropriately from the shell.
- File permissions are set to those in the archive;
- if the caller is the super-user,
- ownerships are restored as well.
- .I Cpio
- will not create directories,
- preserve modification times
- or overwrite more recently modified target files
- unless the appropriate
- .IR \-d ,
- .I \-m
- or
- .I \-u
- options are specified.
- Archives compressed with
- .IR bzip2 (1),
- .IR compress (1),
- .IR gzip (1),
- or
- .IR rpm (1)
- are transparently de\%compressed on input.
- .PP
- With
- .BR \-o ,
- .I cpio
- works in
- .RI ` copy-out '
- mode,
- creates archives
- and writes them to standard output per default.
- A list of filenames to be included in the archive is
- read from standard input;
- if the name of a directory appears,
- it is included in the archive,
- but
- .I cpio
- will not include any of its members
- unless they are explicitly given in addition.
- The
- .IR find (1)
- utility is useful to generate a list of files
- (see also its
- .I \-cpio
- and
- .I \-ncpio
- operators).
- When producing a filename list for
- .IR cpio ,
- find should always be invoked with
- .I \-depth
- since this makes it possible to extract write-protected directories
- for users other than the super-user.
- .PP
- The
- .B \-p
- option selects
- .RI ` pass '
- mode;
- a list of files is read from standard input as described for
- .IR \-o ;
- files are copied to the specified
- .IR directory ,
- preserving attributes as described for
- .IR \-i .
- Special files are re-created in the target hierarchy,
- and hard links between copied files are preserved.
- .PP
- When a premature end-of-file is detected with
- .I \-i
- and
- .I \-o
- and the archive is a block or character special file,
- the user is prompted for new media.
- .PP
- The following options alter the behavior of
- .IR cpio :
- .TP
- .B \-a
- Resets the access times of files
- that were included in the archive with
- .I \-o
- or copied with
- .IR \-p .
- .TP
- .B \-A
- Append files to the archive.
- The archive must be seekable,
- such as a regular file or a block device,
- or a tape device capable of writing between filemarks.
- .TP
- .B \-b
- Swap bytes within each half word
- and half words within each word
- of input file data.
- .TP
- .B \-B
- Blocks input and output archives at 5120 byte records.
- The default blocking size is device dependent.
- .TP
- .B \-c
- Specifies that archive headers are in SVR4 ASCII cpio format.
- This option is ignored with
- .I \-i
- unless the
- .I \-k
- option is also present.
- .TP
- \fB\-C\fI size\fR
- Blocks input and output archives at
- .I size
- byte records.
- .TP
- .B \-d
- Creates missing parent directories
- for each file extracted from the archive
- and allows the extraction of directories.
- .TP
- \fB\-E\fI file\fR
- Each line read from
- .I file
- is taken as a pattern in addition
- to those specified on the command line.
- .TP
- .B \-f
- Reverses the sense of patterns
- such that a file that does not match any of the patterns
- is selected.
- .TP
- \fB\-H\fI header\fR
- Specifies the archive header format to be one of:
- .sp
- .in +6
- .TS
- lfB l.
- \fBcrc\fR SVR4 ASCII cpio format with checksum;\
- \fBsco\fR T{
- SCO UnixWare 7.1 ASCII cpio format;
- T}
- \fBscocrc\fR T{
- SCO UnixWare 7.1 ASCII cpio format with checksum;
- T}
- \fBodc\fR T{
- traditional ASCII cpio format, as standardized in IEEE Std. 1003.1, 1996;
- T}
- \fBbbs\fR byte-swapped binary cpio format;
- \fBsgi\fR T{
- SGI IRIX extended binary cpio format;
- T}
- \fBcray\fR T{
- Cray UNICOS 9 cpio format;
- T}
- \fBcray5\fR T{
- Cray UNICOS 5 cpio format;
- T}
- \fBdec\fR T{
- Digital UNIX extended cpio format;
- T}
- \fBtar\fR tar format;
- \fBotar\fR old tar format;
- \fBustar\fR T{
- IEEE Std. 1003.1, 1996 tar format;
- T}
- .T&
- l s.
- \fBpax\fR[\fB:\fIoption\fB,\fR[\fIoption\fB,\fR\|...]]
- .T&
- l l.
- \& T{
- IEEE Std. 1003.1, 2001 pax format.
- Format-specific \fIoptions\fR are:
- .in +2n
- .ti 0
- .br
- \fBlinkdata\fR
- .br
- For a regular file which has multiple hard links,
- the file data is stored once for each link in the archive,
- instead of being stored for the first entry only.
- This option must be used with care
- since many implementations are unable
- to read the resulting archive.
- .ti 0
- .br
- \fBtimes\fR
- .br
- Causes the times of last access and last modification
- of each archived file
- to be stored in an extended \fIpax\fR header.
- This in particular allows the time of last access
- to be restored when the archive is read.
- .br
- .in -2n
- T}
- \fBsun\fR T{
- Sun Solaris 7 extended tar format;
- T}
- \fBgnu\fR T{
- GNU tar format;
- T}
- \fBbar\fR T{
- SunOS 4 bar format;
- T}
- \fBzip\fR[\fB:\fIcc\fR] T{
- zip format with optional compression method.
- If \fIcc\fR is one of
- \fBen\fR (normal, default),
- \fBex\fR (extra),
- \fBef\fR (fast),
- or
- \fBes\fR (super fast),
- the standard \fIdeflate\fR compression is used.
- \fBe0\fR selects no compression,
- and
- \fBbz2\fR selects \fIbzip2\fR compression.
- T}
- .TE
- .in -6
- .sp
- This option is ignored with
- .I \-i
- unless the
- .I \-k
- option is also present.
- The default for
- .I \-o
- is binary cpio format.
- .TP
- \fB\-I\fI\ file\fR
- Selects a
- .I file
- that is read with the
- .I \-i
- option instead of standard input.
- .TP
- .B \-k
- Try to continue operation on read errors and invalid headers.
- If an archive contains another archive,
- files from either archive may be chosen.
- .TP
- .B \-l
- Link files instead of copying them with
- .I \-p
- if possible.
- .TP
- .B \-L
- Follow symbolic links when reading files with
- .I \-o
- or
- .IR \-p .
- .TP
- .B \-m
- Restore modification times of extracted files
- to those given in the archive.
- .TP
- \fB\-M\fI message\fR
- The given
- .I message
- is printed instead of the standard one
- with
- .I \-I
- or
- .I \-O
- when changing media.
- .TP
- \fB\-O\fI file\fR
- Selects an archive
- .I file
- that is written instead of standard output
- with the
- .I \-o
- option.
- .TP
- .B \-P
- In copy-out or pass mode,
- interpret the data read from standard input
- as prototype lines
- of colon-separated fields
- of the form
- .in +3m
- .sp
- \fItype\fB:\fIuser\fB:\fIgroup\fB:\fImode\fB:\fIatime\fB:\fImtime\fB:\fImajor\fB:\fIminor\fB:\fIpath\fR
- .sp
- .in -3m
- For each non-empty field,
- the corresponding attribute of the input file is overridden.
- With this option,
- an unprivileged user can create
- an archive that contains files
- with arbitrary attributes.
- The meanings of the individual fields are:
- .RS
- .TP 6
- .PD 0
- .I type
- File type, one of:
- \fBb\fR (block device),
- \fBc\fR (character device),
- \fBd\fR (directory),
- \fBf\fR (plain file),
- \fBp\fR (named pipe),
- or
- \fBs\fR (symbolic link).
- .TP
- .I user
- The owner of the file,
- which can be a numeric user ID or a user name.
- .TP
- .I group
- The group owner of the file,
- which can be a numeric group ID or a group name.
- .TP
- .I mode
- The octal mode of the file.
- .TP
- .I atime
- The time the file was last accessed.
- Note that most archive formats cannot store this attribute,
- in which case it is ignored.
- The format is the same as that of the
- .I mtime
- field.
- .TP
- .I mtime
- The time the file was last modified.
- This is either a decimal integer
- specifying the seconds past the epoch,
- or an ISO\ 8601 date and time field
- of the format \fIYYYYMMDD\fBT\fIHHMMSS\fR,
- e.g. 20070326T190511,
- the latter being relative to the current time zone
- and with all digits past the \fBT\fR being optional.
- .TP
- .I major minor
- Major and minor device numbers as with
- .IR mknod (1M).
- These fields are only allowed for block and character devices.
- .TP
- .I path
- The name of the file to be archived.
- If the file is not a symbolic link,
- and the specification is otherwise sufficient,
- the file needs not exist
- at the time the archive is created.
- A non-existent regular file will be empty in the archive.
- .PD
- .RE
- .IP
- This option is an extension.
- .TP
- .B \-r
- Rename files interactively.
- Before a file is extracted from the archive,
- its file name is printed on standard error
- and the user is prompted to specify a substitute file name.
- If the line read from the terminal is empty,
- the file is skipped;
- if the line consists of a single dot,
- the name is retained;
- otherwise,
- the line forms the new file name.
- .TP
- \fB\-R\fI user\fR
- Set the ownership of extracted files
- to the user and group ids of
- .I user
- instead of those specified in the archive.
- Valid only for the super-user.
- .TP
- .B \-s
- Swap bytes within each half word
- of input file data.
- .TP
- .B \-S
- Swap half words within each word
- of input file data.
- .TP
- .B \-t
- When combined with the
- .I \-o
- option,
- a list of files in the archive is written to standard output;
- no files are extracted.
- .TP
- .B \-u
- .I Cpio
- will overwrite existing target files
- that were modified more recently than the file in the archive
- when this option is given.
- .TP
- .B \-v
- Prints the file names of archived or extracted files with
- .I \-i
- and
- .I \-o
- and a verbose output format with
- .IR \-t .
- If given twice
- .RB ( \-vv )
- in combination with
- .I \-t
- when reading a
- .I zip
- archive,
- information about compression level and method is printed.
- .TP
- .B \-V
- Prints a dot for each archived or extracted file.
- .TP
- .B \-6
- Selects Unix 6th Edition archive format
- (only in copy-in mode).
- .PP
- .ne 37
- Characteristics of archive formats are as follows:
- .sp
- .TS
- allbox;
- l r r r l
- l1fB r2 n2 r2 c.
- T{
- .ad l
- maximum user/\%group id
- T} T{
- .ad l
- maximum file size
- T} T{
- .ad l
- maximum pathname length
- T} T{
- .ad l
- bits in dev_t (major/minor)
- T}
- binary 65535 2 GB\ 256 \ 16
- \-H\ sgi 65535 9 EB\ 256 \ 14/18
- \-H\ odc 262143 8 GB\ 256 \ 18
- \-H\ dec 262143 8 GB\ 256 \ 24/24
- T{
- \-c, \-H\ crc
- T} 4.3e9 4 GB\ 1024 \ 32/32
- T{
- \-H\ sco, \-H\ scocrc
- T} 4.3e9 9 EB\ 1024 \ 32/32
- T{
- \-H\ cray, \-H\ cray5
- T} 1.8e19 9 EB\ 65535 \ 64
- \-H\ otar 2097151 8 GB\ 99 \ n/a
- T{
- \-H\ tar,
- \-H\ ustar
- T} 2097151 8 GB\ 256 (99) \ 21/21
- \-H\ pax 1.8e19 9 EB\ 65535 \ 21/21
- \-H\ sun 1.8e19 9 EB\ 65535 \ 63/63
- \-H\ gnu 1.8e19 9 EB\ 65535 \ 63/63
- \-H\ bar 2097151 8 GB\ 427 \ 21
- \-H\ zip 4.3e9 9 EB\ 60000 \ 32
- .TE
- .sp
- .PP
- By default,
- .B binary
- cpio archives are written.
- The byte order of such archives
- depends on the machine
- on which the archive is created.
- Unlike some other implementations,
- .I cpio
- fully supports
- archives of either byte order.
- .I \-H\ bbs
- can be used to create an archive
- with the byte order opposed to that of the current machine.
- .PP
- The
- .B sgi
- format extends the binary format
- to handle larger files and more device bits.
- If an archive does not contain any entries
- that actually need the extensions,
- it is identical to a binary archive.
- .I \-H\ sgi
- archives are always created in MSB order.
- .PP
- The
- .B odc
- format was introduced with System\ III
- and standardized with IEEE Std. 1003.1.
- All known
- .I cpio
- implementations since around 1980 can read this format.
- .PP
- The
- .B dec
- format extends the
- .I odc
- format
- to support more device bits.
- Archives in this format are generally incompatible with
- .I odc
- archives
- and need special implementation support to be read.
- .PP
- The
- .B \-c
- format was introduced with System\ V Release\ 4.
- Except for the file size,
- it imposes no practical limitations
- on files archived.
- The original SVR4 implementation
- stores the contents of hard linked files
- only once and with the last archived link.
- This
- .I cpio
- ensures compatibility with SVR4.
- With archives created by implementations that employ other methods
- for storing hard linked files,
- each file is extracted as a single link,
- and some of these files may be empty.
- Implementations that expect methods other than the original SVR4 one
- may extract no data for hard linked files at all.
- .PP
- The
- .B crc
- format is essentially the same as the
- .I \-c
- format
- but adds a simple checksum (not a CRC, despite its name)
- for the data of regular files.
- The checksum requires the implementation to read each file twice,
- which can considerably increase running time and system overhead.
- As not all implementations claiming to support this format
- handle the checksum correctly,
- it is of limited use.
- .PP
- The
- .B sco
- and
- .B scocrc
- formats are variants of the
- .I \-c
- and
- .I \-H\ crc
- formats, respectively,
- with extensions to support larger files.
- The extensions result in a different archive format
- only if files larger than slightly below 2\ GB occur.
- .PP
- The
- .B cray
- format extends all header fields to 64 bits.
- It thus imposes no practical limitations of any kind
- on archived files,
- but requires special implementation support
- to be read.
- Although it is originally a binary format,
- the byte order is always MSB as on Cray machines.
- The
- .B cray5
- format is an older variant
- that was used with UNICOS 5 and earlier.
- .PP
- The
- .B otar
- format was introduced with the Unix 7th Edition
- .I tar
- utility.
- Archives in this format
- can be read on all Unix systems since about 1980.
- It can only hold regular files
- (and, on more recent systems, symbolic links).
- For file names that contain characters with the most significant bit set
- (non-ASCII characters),
- implementations differ in the interpretation of the header checksum.
- .PP
- The
- .B ustar
- format was introduced with IEEE Std. 1003.1.
- It extends the old
- .I tar
- format
- with support for directories, device files,
- and longer file names.
- Pathnames of single-linked files can consist of up to 256 characters,
- dependent on the position of slashes.
- Files with multiple links can only be archived
- if the first link encountered is no longer than 100 characters.
- Due to implementation errors,
- file names longer than 99 characters
- can not considered to be generally portable.
- Another addition of the
- .I ustar
- format
- are fields for the symbolic user and group IDs.
- These fields are created by
- .IR cpio ,
- but ignored when reading such archives.
- .PP
- With
- .BR "\-H tar" ,
- a variant of the
- .I ustar
- format is selected
- which stores file type bits in the mode field
- to work around common implementation problems.
- These bits are ignored by
- .I cpio
- when reading archives.
- .PP
- The
- .B pax
- format is an extension to the
- .I ustar
- format.
- If attributes cannot be archived with
- .IR ustar ,
- an extended header is written.
- Unless the size of an entry is greater than 8\ GB,
- a
- .I pax
- archive should be readable by any implementation
- capable of reading
- .I ustar
- archives,
- although files may be extracted under wrong names
- and extended headers may be extracted as separate files.
- If a file name contains non-UTF-8 characters,
- it may not be archived or extracted correctly
- because of a problem of the
- .I pax
- format specification.
- .PP
- The
- .B sun
- format extends the
- .I ustar
- format similar as the
- .I pax
- format does.
- The extended headers in
- .I sun
- format archives are not understood
- by implementations that support only the
- .I pax
- format and vice-versa.
- The
- .I sun
- format has also problems with non-UTF-8 characters in file names.
- .PP
- The
- .B GNU
- .I tar
- format is mostly compatible with the other
- .I tar
- formats,
- unless an archive entry actually uses its extended features.
- There are no practical limitations on files archived with this format.
- The implementation of
- .I cpio
- is limited to expanded numerical fields
- and long file names;
- in particular,
- there is no support for sparse files or incremental backups.
- If
- .I cpio
- creates a multi-volume
- .I GNU
- archive,
- it just splits a single-volume archive in multiple parts,
- as with the other formats;
- .I GNU
- multi-volume archives are not supported.
- .PP
- The
- .B bar
- format is similar to the
- .I tar
- format, but can store longer file names.
- It requires special implementation support to be read.
- .PP
- The
- .B zip
- format can be read in many non-Unix environments.
- There are several restrictions on archives
- intended for data exchange:
- only regular files should be stored;
- file times, permissions and ownerships
- might be ignored by other implementations;
- there should be no more than 65536 files in the archive;
- the total archive size should not exceed 2 GB;
- only
- .I deflate
- compression should be used.
- Otherwise,
- .I cpio
- stores all information available with other archive formats
- in extended
- .I zip
- file headers,
- so if archive portability is of no concern,
- the
- .I zip
- implementation in
- .I cpio
- can archive complete Unix file hierarchies.
- .I Cpio
- supports the
- .I zip64
- format extension for large files;
- it automatically writes
- .I zip64
- entries if necessary.
- .I Cpio
- can extract all known
- .I zip
- format compression codes.
- It does not support
- .I zip
- encryption.
- Multi-volume
- .I zip
- archives are created as splitted single-volume archives,
- as with the other formats written by
- .IR cpio ;
- generic multi-volume
- .I zip
- archives are not supported.
- .SH EXAMPLES
- Extract all files named
- .I Makefile
- or
- .I makefile
- from the archive stored on
- .IR /dev/rmt/c0s0 ,
- overwriting recent files:
- .RS 2
- .sp
- cpio \-idmu \-I /dev/rmt/c0s0 \'[Mm]akefile\' \'*/[Mm]akefile\'
- .RE
- .PP
- List the files contained in a software distribution archive:
- .RS 2
- .sp
- cpio \-itv \-I distribution.tar.gz
- .RE
- .PP
- Write a
- .IR gzip (1)
- compressed
- .I ustar
- archive containing all files below the directory
- .I \%project
- to the file
- .IR \%project.tar.gz ,
- excluding all directories named
- .I CVS
- or
- .I SCCS
- and their contents:
- .RS 2
- .sp
- find project \-depth \-print | egrep \-v \'/(CVS|SCCS)(/|$)\' |
- .br
- cpio \-o \-H ustar | gzip \-c > project.tar.gz
- .RE
- .PP
- Copy the directory
- .I work
- and its contents
- to the directory
- .IR \%savedfiles :
- .RS 2
- .sp
- find work \-depth \-print | cpio \-pdm savedfiles
- .RE
- .PP
- Self-extracting zip archives are not automatically recognized,
- but can normally be read using the
- .I \-k
- option, as with
- .RS 2
- .sp
- cpio \-itvk \-H zip \-I archive.exe
- .sp
- .RE
- .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
- .TP
- .BR LANG ", " LC_ALL
- See
- .IR locale (7).
- .TP
- .B LC_CTYPE
- Selects the mapping of bytes to characters
- used for matching patterns.
- .TP
- .B LC_TIME
- Sets the month names printed with
- .IR \-tv .
- .TP
- .B SYSV3
- If this variable is set,
- the
- .I \-c
- option has the same effect as \fI\-H odc\fR;
- \fB\-H newc\fR can be used
- to select SVR4 ASCII format.
- The output format of
- .I \-tv
- is changed, as well as the text of diagnostic messages.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- find(1),
- pax(1),
- tar(1)
- .SH DIAGNOSTICS
- .I Cpio
- exits with
- .sp
- .TS
- l8fB l.
- 0 after successful operation;
- 1 on usage errors;
- 2 when operation was continued after minor errors;
- 3 on fatal error conditions.
- .TE
- .SH NOTES
- Device and inode numbers
- are used for hard link recognition
- with the various cpio formats.
- Since the header space cannot hold
- large numbers present in current file systems,
- devices and inode numbers are set on a per-archive basis.
- This enables hard link recognition with all cpio formats,
- but the link connection to files appended with
- .I \-A
- is not preserved.
- .PP
- If a numeric user or group id does not fit
- within the size of the header field in the selected format,
- files are stored with the user id (or group id, respectively)
- set to 60001.
- .PP
- Use of the
- .I \-A
- option with a
- .I zip
- format archive may cause data loss
- if the archive was not previously created by
- .I cpio
- itself.
- .PP
- .I Cpio
- cannot store file names that contain newline characters;
- see the
- .I NOTES
- section of
- .IR find (1)
- for more information.
- .PP
- If the file names passed to
- .I "cpio \-o"
- begin with a slash character,
- absolute path names are stored in the archive
- and will be extracted to these path names later
- regardless of the current working directory.
- This is normally not advisable,
- and relative path names should be passed to
- .I cpio
- only.
|